What are the 5 generations of programming language?

Programming language generation is a way to classify computer programming languages according to their overall distance from the actual machine code generated, and in a sense, ease of use for programmers. One of the aspects that have strongly influenced the history of information technology is the evolution of programming languages, aimed at simplifying the development activity and, at the same time, at the exponential increase of the related functions. The five generations of programming language are given as follows:

First Generation (1GL):

The various proprietary machine languages, decidedly complex and strongly linked to the specific hardware architecture, fall into this category.

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Second Generation (2GL):

Second-generation programming languages are considered assembly-style languages. These are languages written in human-readable code and commands that are associated with particular system architecture but are easy to develop and abstract. They constitute a first abstraction of the machine language (assembly), allowing, however, to improve the development activity thanks to the use of a smaller number of instructions. With them come assemblers or programs capable of translating assembly language into machine language.

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Third Generation (3GL):

Languages that shift the focus towards natural language (English-like) fall into this category, making them much more intuitive than assembly and machine languages. These languages are also defined as high-level languages and included among them are C, C ++, Basic, Java, C #, etc.

Fourth Generation (4GL):

In this category, we find declarative languages, whose most illustrious representative is SQL, mainly used in relational databases.

Fifth Generation (5GL):

These are languages based on solving problems with constraints indicated in the program rather than on the execution of a specific predefined. Their purpose is to evolve and adapt to contextual situations, which makes them the natural choice for Robotic research, Artificial Intelligence, and Neural Patterns. PROLOG is a fifth-generation programming language.

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Is SQL a fifth-generation language?

In fifth-generation computer language, a programmer presents a problem to a computer and tries to solve it. Most of the languages listed as 5th generation languages are academic in nature. Many programming languages in use today are called high-level languages or third-generation languages. This was a term used to refer to FORTRAN and COBOL, which appeared in the 1950s when computers began to spread.

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SQL, on the other hand, falls into the 4th generation language. The 4th generation language is the next generation of the 3rd generation language, so it is a programming language that is close to natural language and allows you to concentrate on the problem you want to solve without considering the operation of the computer.

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The 1st generation language refers to the CPU instruction code itself, and the 2nd generation refers to the mnemonic that makes the instruction code easier for humans to read. Therefore, it means that the language is higher than those languages, and it does not mean that the program can be programmed like the language spoken by humans.

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In addition, although some 4th generation languages have been proposed for a long time, they are not as popular as the 3rd generation languages such as Java and C ++ that are still used due to their versatility. And the most popular of these 4th generation languages is SQL.  One of the major features of SQL is that you can program without considering the operation of this calculator. For example, take a look at the SELECT statement, which is often used in SQL. The SELECT statement describes which data to extract from which table under what conditions. However, it is not possible to describe an algorithm or processing flow, such as how to extract data. Therefore, in SQL, you can create a high-performance data extraction process with a short description. 

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Fifth-generation language advantages and disadvantages

A fifth-generation programming language is a programming language based on solving problems using constraints given to the program rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. Most restriction-based and logic programming languages and some declarative languages are fifth-generation languages.

Fifth-generation languages are made for the computer to solve a given query without the programmer. In this way, the programmer only has to worry about what needs to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without having to worry about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve the problems. However, as larger programs were built, the flaws in the approach became more apparent. It means that, given a set of constraints that define a specific problem, deriving an effective algorithm to solve it is a very challenging problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still requires the knowledge of a human programmer.

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In essence, the programming language is used to denote the properties, or logic, of a solution, rather than how it is achieved. Most constraint-based and logical programming languages are 5GL. A common misunderstanding about 5GL relates to the practice of some 4GL retailers to represent their products as 5GL when the crux of the matter remains, the products are developed and improved 4GL tools.

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Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. PROLOG, OPS5, and Mercury are fifth-generation languages. These types of languages were also based on Lisp, many coming from the Lisp machine, such as ICAD. So there are many plot languages, such as KL-ONE. Some languages of the fifth generation that are usually used in artificial intelligence models are PROLOG, OPS5, Mercury, Modula 3, Jess, and even C #.

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Fifth-generation language examples

These are the programming languages that consist of visual tools to develop a program. Mercury, OPS5, and PROLOG are examples of fifth-generation languages.

•          PROLOG is a programming language that fits into the Mathematical Logic Programming paradigm. It is a general-purpose language that is especially associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. It consists of a purely logical language, which can be called pure PROLOG, and a concrete language, which adds pure PROLOG with extra-logical components.

•          OPS5 is a type of language called a rule-based programming language. Even so, it feels like rule-based programming, so to put it a little clearer, programming that gives the answer you are looking for by processing the given data according to the defined rules.

•          Mercury is a logic/functional programming language that chains clear expressiveness and declarative programming with innovative static analysis and error detection functions. It offers a highly optimized algorithm whose execution effectiveness surpasses the existing logic programming system and is close to the traditional programming system. The large-scale project development of Mercury makes modularization, separate compilation, and numerous optimization/time trade-off issues.

•          Jess offers logic programming appropriate for automated expert systems, which is often stated as the “expert system shell.” In recent years, intelligent agent systems have also developed similar capabilities.

Unlike an imperative programming language that has a loop that runs only once in a program, the declarative programming used by Jess applies a series of rules to a set of facts continuously through a process called “pattern matching.” Rules can modify the set of facts or run any Java code. Jess can be used to build Java Servlets, EJBs, Applets, and applications that use knowledge in the form of rule definitions to push conclusions and inferences. Because different rules match different inputs, there are some effective general matching algorithms. The Jess rule engine uses the Rete algorithm.

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Characteristics of Fifth-generation language

The fifth-generation language is the natural language, also called the knowledge base language or artificial intelligence language, and the aim is the creation of a programming language that is closest to our daily life language. With the assistance of fifth-generation programming languages, the development of decision-making machines becomes stress-free. To reduce the efforts of the programmer or developer, it provides system automation that is the biggest characteristic of fifth-generation programming languages.

Most of the constraint-based languages, logic programming languages, and declarative languages, are fifth-generation languages. While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to develop specific programs, fifth-generation programming languages are designed for the computer to solve a given problem without a programmer. It is a classification for programming languages that include those that use constrained programming to solve problems rather than using algorithms written by the programmer. 

Fifth-generation languages are used primarily in artificial intelligence research. PROLOG, OPS5, and Mercury are examples of fifth-generation languages. These types of languages were also based on Lisp, many coming from the Lisp machine, such as ICAD. So there are many plot languages, such as KL-ONE. Some languages of the fifth generation that are usually used in artificial intelligence models are PROLOG, OPS5, Mercury, Haskell, Modula 3, Jess, and even C #.

Examples of 5th generation computers

When we talk about fifth-generation computers, we are talking about equipment that is associated with high technologies such as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, parallel processing, and quantum computing. This generation of computers builds on inventions that have taken place in previous generations but carried much further. Perhaps, for this reason, it is a bit difficult to distinguish your technology from other generations.

The purpose of the fifth generation is to make a device that could respond to natural language input and are adept at learning and self-organization. This generation is grounded on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology causing the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. 

The fifth-generation computers have some of their main characteristics:

•          VLSI and ULSI technology: This technology allows the development and construction of very small chips. The hardware used by fifth-generation computers is designed and built around VLSI technology, or “Very Large Scale Integration” and ULSI, which stands for “Ultra Large Scale Integration.”

•          Development of artificial intelligence: To achieve true artificial intelligence, we need great computing power, which is precisely what fifth-generation computers offer us.

•          Natural Language Processing Development: The Holy Grail of Programming. For years, programmers have been looking for a way to interact with the computer in a more natural way. This means that they can be programmed in the same language we speak without code.

•          Breakthrough in parallel processing: The use of parallel processing technology, fiber optic bonded circuits, and superconducting materials is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. At this point, the operating speed has been found in terms of LIPS (logical inferences per second). All this is of vital importance for the development of quantum computing, molecular computing, and nanotechnology, pillars of the technology of the future.

Few examples of the fifth generation computers are as under:

• Desktop

• Laptop

• UltraBook

• Chromebook

• Notebooks from IBM.

• Workstations of SUN

• IBM SP/2

• Supercomputers with PARAM.

PROLOG is which generation language

PROLOG is a very powerful fifth-generation programming language, especially in the area of Artificial Intelligence, where it is the absolute leader. PROLOG’s ability to compute procedurally is one of the specific advantages that the language has. As a consequence, this encourages the programmer to consider the declarative meaning of programs relatively independently of their procedural meaning. That is, the advantages of the declarative form of this language are clear (it is easier to think of solutions, and many procedural details are automatically solved by the language itself), and we can take advantage of them.

An advantage from the point of view of the user is the ease of programming since programs can be written quickly, with few errors, resulting in clearly readable programs, even if the language is not well understood. Do not think too much about solving the problem, as PROLOG infers its answers based on the rules declared within the program. Each predicate (procedure) can be executed, validated, and examined independently and individually. PROLOG has no global variables, no assignment. Each relationship is self-contained, allowing for greater modularity, portability, and reusability of relationships between programs. 

In PROLOG, even the same PROLOG programs can be represented as structures. PROLOG uses a search mechanism independent of the fact base. Although it may seem somewhat twisted, it is a good strategy since it guarantees the process of all possibilities. It is useful for the programmer to know this mechanism when debugging and optimizing programs.

Some disadvantages of PROLOG are that the automatic resolution is not always efficient, so an incorrect answer could eventually be given to a query. PROLOG is sometimes unable to recognize that a problem is (to its own knowledge) inapplicable or insufficient. If the program does not contain enough information to answer a query, it is unable to recognize it and answers no. In this situation, it would be more efficient to know that the answer is not negative but rather that it is not possible to infer a result.

PROLOG tutorial

PROLOG (an acronym for PROgramming LOGic) is an example of a logic programming language. It uses a form of mathematical logic (predicate calculus) to solve queries against a database of facts and rules provided by the programmer.

General InformationPROLOG was created in 1972 at the University of Marseille, France. Since then, it has been used for symbolic computing applications, such as relational databases, understanding of natural languages, project automation, analysis of biochemical structures, and expert systems. As we can see, PROLOG has become a reference when it comes to programming language aimed at artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.

• Features

PROLOG is a declarative language; that is, instead of the program stipulating the way to reach the solution step-by-step, as happens in procedural or object-oriented languages, it provides a description of the problem that is intended to be computed using a collection of facts and rules (logic) that indicate how the proposed problem should be solved. As we can see, PROLOG is more focused on knowledge than on the algorithms themselves.

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Besides being a declarative language, another fact that makes it different from other languages is the issue of not having control structures (if-else, do-while, for, switch) present in most programming languages. For this, we use logical methods to declare how the program should achieve its objective. A PROLOG program can run in an interactive mode; the user can formulate queries using facts and rules to produce the solution through the unification mechanism.

• Basic Concepts

Data types commonly found in other languages are not used in PROLOG. All data is treated as being of a single type, known as a term, which can be a constant, a variable, or a compound term. Then we will know the main elements of the language so that we can make small examples in PROLOG.

So the conclusion is, fifth-generation programming languages are the languages based on solving problems with constraints indicated in the program, rather than on the execution of a specific predefined. Their purpose is to evolve and adapt to contextual situations, which makes them the natural choice for Robotic research, Artificial Intelligence, and Neural Patterns.

Fifth-generation languages are used primarily in artificial intelligence research. PROLOG, OPS5, and Mercury are fifth-generation languages. These types of languages were also based on Lisp, many coming from the Lisp machine, such as ICAD. So there are many plot languages, such as KL-ONE. Some languages of the fifth-generation that are usually used in artificial intelligence models are PROLOG, OPS5, Mercury, Haskell, Modula 3, Jess, and even C#.

PROLOG is a very powerful fifth-generation programming language, especially in the area of Artificial Intelligence, where it is the absolute leader. It has been used for symbolic computing applications, such as relational databases, understanding of natural languages, project automation, analysis of biochemical structures, and expert systems. As we can see, PROLOG has become a reference when it comes to programming language aimed at artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Some disadvantages of PROLOG are that the automatic resolution is not always efficient, so an incorrect answer could eventually be given to a query. PROLOG is sometimes unable to recognize that a problem is (to its own knowledge) inapplicable or insufficient. If the program does not contain enough information to answer a query, it is unable to recognize it and answers no. In this situation, it would be more efficient to know that the answer is not negative but rather that it is not possible to infer a result.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_generation_computer#:~:text=The%20Fifth%20Generation%20Computer%20Systems,in%20Japan%20during%20the%201980s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language

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